The subnet mask determines what part of the Ip address is the network and which part is the node. With a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 the first three octets are the network and the last octet is the node.
It isn't always 255.255.255.0 (a standard class C address). That is only the case if its an internal router on a private network, or if you have a standard Class C TCP/IP address, but even then the lasy digit (octet) may not be 0.
Our router IP address starts with 80.129.128.xxx so the subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 as we rent a subnet on a Class A network.
There are many utilities out there...(check download.com) that help you calculate subnets. It can be useful it you feel the need to segment your network (for a variety of reasons, people do this).
If you go to www.cisco.com and register for CCO (it's free) you'll have access to more info on subnets and anything else TCP/IP than you could possible care about. But, it is a great site.
Hire the A-Team....I hear them guys can make a Tank outa couple K-cars and a 2x4...lol.
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